Studying multiple causes of death through verbal autopsies: Contribution of an index of similarity

Ariane Sessego; Géraldine Duthé; Bruno Lankoandé; Kassoum Dianou

doi:10.4054/DemRes.2025.52.8

Volume 52 - Article 8 | Pages 229–272

Studying multiple causes of death through verbal autopsies: Contribution of an index of similarity

By Ariane Sessego, Géraldine Duthé, Bruno Lankoandé, Kassoum Dianou

Date received:

25 Aug 2023

Date published:

7 Feb 2025

Word count:

6405

Keywords:

causes of death, data quality, LMICs, multimorbidity, multiple causes of death, verbal autopsies

DOI:

10.4054/DemRes.2025.52.8

Supplementary Material:

52-8 additional material (zip file, 17 MB)
52-8 VACauseSimilarity_Index (zip file, 923 kB)

Interactive Material:

Figure 1 – Similarity heatmap
Figure 2 – Network of all associated causes
Figure 3 – Network of co-occurring causes

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Abstract

Background: The analysis of multiple causes of death was developed in high-income countries to study complex morbid processes leading to death. In other countries, such studies are severely limited by the lack of death certificates. Some cause-of-death statistics are produced at the local level through verbal autopsies (VAs): the collecting of information on medical history and symptoms reported by the final caregiver. Algorithmic models have been developed to estimate probable causes of death in a standardized and cost-effective manner. We investigate their potential to identify multiple causes.

Objective: Bayesian models provide probabilities for all possible causes for each death. If multiple causes are probable, it could indicate multimorbidity or an uncertain diagnosis. In this paper, we aim to distinguish between these two possibilities.

Methods: The INDEPTH Network provides a dataset of 72,300 adult deaths from 22 Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) sites in Asia and Africa, disaggregated by age, sex, and probable causes of death as determined by the InterVA-4 model. Using the model’s probability matrix, we estimated the degree of similarity between causes and identified those with significant dissimilarities as probable multimorbidities. We test our approach using detailed VA data from the Ouagadougou HDSS (1,714 deaths).

Results: InterVA-4 assigns at least two probable causes to 11% of deaths, but only 2% are identified as having multiple causes.

Conclusions: This proportion is low, but our approach remains conservative, as we cannot identify multimorbidity for similar causes.

Contribution: This study advocates for better knowledge of multiple causes of death in low- and middle-income countries by providing a first approach to their identification through VAs.

Author's Affiliation

Ariane Sessego - Institut National d'Études Démographiques (INED), France EMAIL
Géraldine Duthé - Institut National d'Études Démographiques (INED), France EMAIL
Bruno Lankoandé - Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population (ISSP), Burkina Faso EMAIL
Kassoum Dianou - Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium EMAIL