Volume 45 - Article 33 | Pages 1011–1040  

A world apart: Levels and determinants of excess mortality due to COVID-19 in care homes: The case of the Belgian region of Wallonia during the spring 2020 wave

By Olivier J. Hardy, Dominique Dubourg, Mélanie Bourguignon, Simon Dellicour, Thierry Eggerickx, Marius Gilbert, Jean-Paul Sanderson, Aline Scohy, Eline Vandael, Jean-Michel Decroly

Abstract

Background: In Western countries, COVID-19 has been particularly deadly for care home residents.

Objective: To understand the role of age and sex structures, health frailty, and contamination dynamics in COVID-19 mortality in populations living inside and outside care homes.

Methods: We compared COVID-19 death data recorded in March–June 2020 in Wallonia (southern Belgium) for populations living inside and outside care homes, using annual death data (all-cause mortality in 2017) to assess the health condition of each population.

Results: Sixty-four percent of COVID-19 deaths were residents in care homes, where the outbreak started after that in the external population, but at a faster pace. The death rate varied between 0‰ and 340‰ (mean 43‰) per care home, increasing with the number of both residents and staff. All-cause and COVID-19 mortality rates increased exponentially with age but were much higher in care homes. The ratio of male (M) to female (F) death rates was 1.6 for all-cause mortality and 2.0 for COVID-19 mortality (both confirmed and suspected). The COVID-19 mortality reached 24% (M) and 18% (F) of the all-cause mortality rate in care homes, compared to 5% (M) and 4% (F) outside care homes.

Conclusions: The COVID-19 mortality rate was 130x higher inside than outside care homes, due to the near multiplicative effects of differences in the residents’ age and sex structure (11x), health frailty (3.8x), and infection risk (probably 3.5x).

Contribution: Care homes should be treated as a very specific population in epidemiological studies due to their extreme vulnerability to COVID-19.

Author's Affiliation

• Olivier J. Hardy - Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium EMAIL
• Dominique Dubourg - Agence pour une Vie de Qualité, Belgium EMAIL
• Mélanie Bourguignon - Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium EMAIL
• Simon Dellicour - Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium EMAIL
• Thierry Eggerickx - Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium EMAIL
• Marius Gilbert - Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium EMAIL
• Jean-Paul Sanderson - Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium EMAIL
• Aline Scohy - Sciensano, Belgium EMAIL
• Eline Vandael - Sciensano, Belgium EMAIL
• Jean-Michel Decroly - Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium EMAIL

Other articles by the same author/authors in Demographic Research

The spatial diffusion of nonmarital cohabitation in Belgium over 25 years: Geographic proximity and urban hierarchy
Volume 43 - Article 48

Most recent similar articles in Demographic Research

Excess mortality associated with HIV: Survey estimates from the PHIA project
Volume 51 - Article 38    | Keywords: excess mortality, HIV/AIDS, mortality

Is single parenthood increasingly an experience of less-educated mothers? A European comparison over five decades
Volume 51 - Article 34    | Keywords: age, children, cross-national comparison, education, Europe, family life course, inequality, single motherhood

A Bayesian model for age at death with cohort effects
Volume 51 - Article 33    | Keywords: age at death, Bayesian approach, cohort effects, Italy, mortality

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality in Uruguay from 2020 to 2022
Volume 51 - Article 29    | Keywords: COVID-19, excess mortality, life expectancy, Uruguay

On the relationship between life expectancy, modal age at death, and the threshold age of the life table entropy
Volume 51 - Article 24    | Keywords: Gompertz law, life expectancy, lifespan variation, longevity, mode, mortality