Infant mortality among US whites in the 19th century: New evidence from childhood sex ratios

Jesse McDevitt-Irwin; James R.  Irwin

doi:10.4054/DemRes.2025.52.10

Volume 52 - Article 10 | Pages 303–350

Infant mortality among US whites in the 19th century: New evidence from childhood sex ratios

By Jesse McDevitt-Irwin, James R. Irwin

Date received:

13 Jun 2024

Date published:

18 Feb 2025

Word count:

7508

Keywords:

19th century, economic development, infant mortality, mortality transition, population health, sex ratio

DOI:

10.4054/DemRes.2025.52.10

Replicable Material:

52-10_supplementary_materials (zip file, 286 kB)
demographic-research.52-10 (zip file, 53 kB)
readme.52-10 (text file, 1 kB)

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Abstract

Background: Basic facts of infant mortality in the 19th-century United States are largely unknown due to a lack of data on births and infant deaths. Contradictory views have emerged from previous research. Estimates from life table exercises with US census data, published in the most recent (2006) Historical Statistics of the United States, suggest that infant mortality among US whites circa 1850–1880 was substantially worse than in much of contemporary Europe. However, a broader range of historical evidence indicates that US whites were among the healthiest 19th-century populations.

Methods: We offer a new basis for estimating infant mortality: childhood sex ratios. Because of the female survival advantage in infancy, high rates of infant death tend to be reflected in female-skewed childhood sex ratios. We verify the empirical relationship between infant mortality and childhood sex ratios in historical populations with credible data on both and demonstrate that sex ratios can reveal broad patterns of infant mortality.

Results: Turning to the US census for under-5 sex ratios, we find that white infant mortality circa 1850–1880 was in the range of 60–110 deaths per 1,000 – well under half the values presented in Historical Statistics of the United States and below contemporary European levels. By 1900, infant mortality in the United States had increased substantially, pointing to the challenges that modernization posed to population health.

Contribution: We demonstrate a novel method of characterizing infant mortality, using childhood sex ratios. With census data often available where vital statistics are not, our method promises to shed new light on historical patterns of population health. Applied to the 19th-century United States, our method shows that infant mortality among the white population was much lower than previously suggested.

Author's Affiliation

Jesse McDevitt-Irwin - Northwestern University, United States of America EMAIL
James R. Irwin - Central Michigan University, United States of America EMAIL