Volume 14 - Article 10 | Pages 179–216
Race/Ethnic differences and age-variation in the effects of birth outcomes on infant mortality in the U.S.
By Daniel A. Powers, W. Parker Frisbie, Robert A. Hummer, Starling G. Pullum, Patricio Solis
References
Adams, N.M., Berg, C.J., Rhodes, P.H., and McCarthy, B.J. (1991). Another Look at the Black-White Gap in Gestation-Specific Perinatal Mortality. International Journal of Epidemiology 20(4): 950-957.
Albrecht, S.L., Clarke, L.L., Miller, M.K., and Farmer, F.L. (1996). Predictors of Differential Birth Outcomes among Hispanic Subgroups in the United States: The Role of Maternal Risk Characteristics and Medical Care. Social Science Quarterly 77(2): 407-433.
Alexander, G.R., Kogan, M.D., Bader, D., Carlo, W., Allen, M.C., and Mor, J. (2003). US Birth Weight/Gestational Age-Specific Neonatal Mortality: 1995-1997 Rates for White, Hispanics, and Blacks. Pediatrics 111(1): 61-66.
Alexander, G.R., Kogan, M.D., and Himes, J.H. (1999a). 1994-1996 U.S. Singleton Birth Weight Percentiles for Age by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Gender. Maternal and Child Health Journal 3(4): 225-232.
Alexander, G.R., Tompkins, M.E., Allen, M.C. , and Hulsey, T.C. (1999b). Trends and Racial Differences in Birth Weight and Related Survival. Maternal and Child Health Journal 3(2): 71-79.
Allen, M.C., Alexander, G.R., Tompkins, M.E. , and Hulsey, T.C. (2000). Racial differences in temporal changes in newborn viability and survival by gestational age. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 14(2): 152-158.
Battaglia, F.C. and Lubchenco, L.O. (1967). A Practical Classification of Newborn Infants by Weight and Gestational Age. Journal of Pediatrics 71(2): 159-163.
Becerra, J.E., Hogue, C.J.R., Atrash, H., and Pérez, N. (1991). Infant mortality among Hispanics: A Portrait of Heterogeneity. Journal of the American Medical Association 265: 217-221.
Buehler, J.W., Kleinman, J.C., Hogue, C.J., Strauss, L.T., and Smith, J.C. (1987). Birth Weight-Specific Infant Mortality, United States, 1960-1970. Public Health Reports 102: 151-161.
Chung, C.S. (1967). Birthweight. In: Morton, N.E., Chung, C.S., and Mi, M.P. (eds.). Genetics of Interracial Crosses in Hawaii. Basel: Karger: 92.
Cobas, J.A., Balcazar, H., Benin, M., Keith, V.M., and Chong, Y. (1996). Acculturation and Low-Birthweight Infants among Latino Women: A Reanalysis of HHANES Data with Structural Equation Models. American Journal of Public Health 86(3): 394-396.
Cramer, J.C. (1987). Social Factors and Infant Mortality: Identifying High-Risk Groups and Proximate Causes. Demography 24(3): 299-322.
David, R. (2001). Commentary: Birthweights and Bell Curves. International Journal of Epidmiology 30(6): 1241-1243.
Eberstein, I.W., Nam, C.B. , and Hummer, R.A. (1990). Infant Mortality by Cause of Death: Main and Interaction Effects. Demography 27(3): 413-430.
Echeverria-Cruz, S. (2004). U.S. Models of Infant Mortality by Race/Ethnicity: One Size Fits All? Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Boston, MA.
Frisbie, W.P. (2005). Infant Mortality. In: Poston Jr., D.L. and Micklin, M. (eds.). Handbook of Population. New York: Kluwer/Plenum/Springer: 251-282.
Frisbie, W.P., Biegler, M., de Turk, P.B., Forbes, D., and Pullum, S.G. (1997). Racial and Ethnic Differences in Determinants of Intrauterine Growth Retardation and Other Compromised Birth Outcomes. American Journal of Public Health 87(12): 1977-1983.
Frisbie, W.P., Forbes, D., and Hummer, R.A. (1998). Hispanic Pregnancy Outcomes: Additional Evidence. Social Science Quarterly 79(1): 149-169.
Frisbie, W.P., Forbes, D., and Pullum, S.G. (1996). Compromised Birth Outcomes and Infant Mortality among Racial and Ethnic Groups. Demography 33(4): 469-481.
Frisbie, W.P. and Song, S.E. (2003). Hispanic Pregnancy Outcomes: Differentials over Time and Current Risk Factor Effects. Policy Studies Journal 31(2): 237-252.
Gage, T.B., Bauer, M.J., Heffner, N., and Stratton, H. (2004). Pediatric Paradox: Heterogeneity in the Birth Cohort. Human Biology 76(3): 327-342.
Gortmaker, S.L. and Wise, P.H. (1997). The First Injustice: Socioeconomic Disparities, Health Services Technology, and Infant Mortality. Annual Review of Sociology 23(1): 147-170.
Guendelman, S. and Abrams, B. (1995). Dietary Intake among Mexican-American Women: Generational Differences and a Comparison with White Non-Hispanic Women. American Journal of Public Health 85(1): 20-25.
Guyer, B., MacDorman, M.F., Martin, J.A., Peters, K.D., and Strobino, D.M. (1998). Annual Summary of Vital Statistics-1997. Pediatrics 102(6): 1333-1349.
Hack, M., Klein, N.K., and Taylor, H.G. (1995). Long-Term Developmental Outcomes of Low Birth Weight Infants. The Future of Children 5(1): 176-196.
Hertz-Picciotto, I. (2001). Commentary: When Brilliant Insights Lead Astray. International Journal of Epidemiology 30(6): 1243-1244.
Hertz-Picciotto, I. and Din-Dzietham, R. (1998). Comparisons of Infant Mortality Using a Percentile-Based Method of Standardization for Birthweight or Gestational Age. Epidemiology 9(1): 67-68.
Hoyert, D.L., Arias, E., Smith, B.L., Murphy, S.L., and Kochanek, K.D. (2001). Deaths: Final Data for 1999. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Reports (49, No 8).
Hummer, R.A. (1996). Black-White Differences in Health and Mortality. The Sociological Quarterly 37(1): 105-125.
Hummer, R.A. (1993). Racial Differentials in Infant Mortality in the U.S.: An Examination of Social and Health Determinants. Social Forces 72(2): 529-554.
Hummer, R.A., Biegler, M., de Turk, P.B., Forbes, D., Frisbie, W.P., Hong, Y., and Pullum, S.G. (1999). Race/Ethnicity, Nativity, and Infant Mortality in the United States. Social Forces 77(3): 1083-1118.
Hummer, R.A., Schmertmann, C.P., Eberstein, I.W., and Kelly, S. (1995). Retrospective Reports of Pregnancy Wantedness and Birth Outcomes in the United States. Social Science Quarterly 76: 402-418.
Kallan, J.E. (1993). Race, Intervening Variables, and Two Components of Low Birth Weight. Demography 30(3): 489-506.
Kiely, J. and Susser, M. (1992). Preterm Birth, Intrauterine Growth Retardation, and Perinatal Mortality. American Journal of Public Health 82(3): 343-345.
Kline, J., Stein, Z., and Susser, M. (1989). Conception to Birth: Epidemiology of Prenatal Development. New York: Oxford.
Kramer, M.S., McLean, F.H., Boyd, M.E., and Usher, R.H. (1988). The Validity of Gestational Age Estimation by Menstrual Dating in Term, Preterm, and Postterm Gestations. Journal of the American Medical Association 260: 3306-3308.
Kramer, M.S., McLean, F.H., Olivier, M., Willis, D.M., and Usher, R.H. (1989). Body Proportionality and Head and Length ‘Sparing’ in Growth-Retarded Neonates: A Critical Reappraisal. Pediatrics 84: 717-723.
Laird, N. and Olivier, D. (1981). Covariance Analysis of Censored Survival Data Using Log-linear Analysis Techniques. Journal of the American Statistical Association 76(374): 231-240.
Mathews, T.J., Menacker, F., and MacDorman, M.F. (2002). Infant Mortality Statistics from the 2000 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Reports (50, No 12).
McCormick, M.C. (1985). The Contribution of Low Birth Weight to Infant Mortality and Childhood Mortality. New England Journal of Medicine 312: 82-90.
Minono, A.M., Arias, E., Kochanek, K.D., Murphy, S.L., and Smith, B.L. (2002). Deaths: Final Report Data for 2000. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Reports (50, No 15).
Myers, S.A. and Ferguson, S. (1989). A Population Study of the Relationship between Fetal Death and Altered Fetal Growth. Obstetrics and Gynecology 74: 325-331.
National Center for Health Statistics (1996). Health, United States, 1995. Hyattsville, MD: Public Health Service.
Palloni, A. and Morenoff, J.D. (2001). Interpreting the Paradoxical in the Hispanic Paradox. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 954: 140-174.
Platt, R.W., Ananth, C.V., and Kramer, M.S. (2004a). Analysis of Neonatal Mortality: Is Standardizing for Relative Birth Weight Biased? BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 4: 9.
Platt, R.W., Joseph, K.S., Ananth, C.C., Gondines, J., Abramowicz, M., and Kramer, M.S. (2004b). A Proportional Hazards Model with Time-Dependent Covariates and Time-Varying Effects for Analysis of Fetal and Infant Death. American Journal of Epidemiology 160(3): 199-206.
Preston, S.H., Heuveline, P., and Guillot, M. (2001). Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
Rumbaut, R. and Weeks, J.R. (1991). Perinatal Risks and Outcomes among Low Income Immigrant. Rockville: DHHS, Final Report for the Maternal and Child Health Research Program.
Rumbaut, R.G. and Weeks, J.R. (1996). Unraveling a Public Health Enigma: Why Do Immigrants Experience Superior Perinatal Health Outcomes? Research in the Sociology of Health Care 13b: 337-391.
Scribner, R. (1996). Editorial: Paradox as Paradigm - The Health Outcomes of Mexican Americans. American Journal of Public Health 86(3): 303-305.
Scribner, R. and Dwyer, J.H. (1989). Acculturation and Low Birth Weight among Latinos in the Hispanic HANES. American Journal of Public Health 79(9): 1263-1267.
Solis, P., Pullum, S.G., and Frisbie, W.P. (2000). Demographic Models of Birth Outcomes and Infant Morality: An Alternative Measurement Approach. Demography 37(4): 489-498.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1995). Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set: 1989 Cohort. Hyattsville: National Center for Health Statistics, Public Use Data File Documentation.
Wilcox, A.J. (2003). Commentary: On the Paradoxes of Birthweight. International Journal of Epidemiology 32(4): 632-633.
Wilcox, A.J. (2001a). On the Importance – and the Unimportance – of Birthweight. International Journal of Epidemiology 30(6): 1233-1241.
Wilcox, A.J. (2001b). Response: Where Do We Go from Here. International Journal of Epidemiology 30(6): 1245.
Wilcox, A.J. and Russell, I.T. (1983). Birthweight and Perinatal Mortality: II. On Weight-Specific Mortality. International Journal of Epidemiology 12(3): 319-325.
Wilcox, A.J. and Russell, I.T. (1986). Birthweight and Perinatal Mortality: III. Towards a New Method of Analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology 15(2): 188-196.
Wilcox, A.J. and Russell, I.T. (1990). Why Small Black Infants Have a Lower Mortality Rate than Small White Infants: The Case for Population-Specific Standards for Birth Weight. Journal of Pediatrics 116(1): 7-10.
Wilcox, A.J. and Skjoerven, R. (1992). Birth Weight and Perinatal Mortality: The Effect of Gestational Age. American Journal of Public Health 82(3): 378-382.
Wilcox, A.J. and Weinberg, C.R. (2004). Invited Commentary: Analysis of Gestational-Age-Specific Mortality -- On What Biologic Foundations? American Journal of Epidemiology 160(3): 213-214.
Wise, P.H. (2003). The Anatomy of a Disparity in Infant Mortality. Annual Review of Public Health 24: 341-362.
Wise, P.H. and Pursely, D. (1992). Infant Mortality as a Social Mirror. New England Journal of Medicine 326: 1558-1560.
Yerushalmy, J. (1967). The Classification of Newborn Infants by Birth Weight and Gestational Age. Journal of Pediatrics 71(2): 164-172.