Volume 44 - Article 39 | Pages 941–978
Socioeconomic differentials in fertility in South Korea
By Sojung Lim
References
Anderson, T. and Kohler, H.-P. (2013). Education fever and the East Asian fertility puzzle: A case study of low fertility in South Korea. Asian Population Studies 9(2): 196‒215.
Atoh, M. (2001). Very low fertility in Japan and value change hypotheses. Review of Population and Social Policy 10: 1‒21.
Becker, G.S. (1981). A treatise on the family. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Bijak, J. (2019). Editorial: P-values, theory, replicability, and rigour. Demographic Research 41(32): 949‒952.
Billari, F. and Kohler, H.-P. (2004). Patterns of low and lowest-low fertility in Europe. Population Studies 58(2): 161‒176.
Blossfeld, H.-P. and Hofmeister, H. (eds.) (2006). Globalization, uncertainty and women’s careers: An international comparison. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Brinton, M.C. (2001). Married women’s labor in East Asian economies. In: Brinton, M.C. (ed.). Women’s working lives in East Asia. Stanford: Stanford University Press: 1‒37.
Brinton, M.C. and Lee, S. (2001). Women’s education and the labor market in Japan and South Korea. In: Brinton, M.C. (ed.). Women’s working lives in East Asia. Stanford: Stanford University Press: 125‒150.
Brinton, M.C. and Oh, E. (2019). Babies, work, or both? Highly educated women’s employment and fertility in East Asia. American Journal of Sociology 125(1): 105‒140.
Bumpass, L.L. and Choe, M.K. (2004). Attitudes relating to marriage and family life. In: Tsuya, N.O. and Bumpass, L.L. (eds.). Marriage, work and family life in comparative perspective. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press: 19‒38.
Chen, W.Y. (2013). Does housing cost affect birth rates in Taiwan? The ADL test for threshold co-integration. Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting 16(3): 90‒103.
Cherlin, A.J. (2014). Labor’s love lost: the rise and fall of the working-class family in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Cherlin, A.J. (2004). The deinstitutionalization of American marriage. Journal of Marriage and Family 66(4): 848‒861.
Choe, M.K., Bumpass, L.L., and Tsuya, N.O. (2004). Employment. In: Tsuya, N.O. and Bumpass, L.L. (eds.). Marriage, work and family life in comparative perspective. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press: 95-113.
Chung, W. and Das Gupta, M. (2007). The decline of son preference in South Korea: The roles of development and public policy. Population and Development Review 33(4): 757-783.
Edin, K. and Kefalas, M. (2011). Promises I can keep: Why poor women put motherhood before marriage. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Eun, K.S. and Lee, Y.S. (2005). A cross-national comparative study of family value in Korea. Korea Journal of Population Studies 28(1): 107‒132.
Goldin, C. (1994). Understanding the gender gap: An economic history of American women. New York: Oxford University Press.
Han, Y.S. and Lee, Y.S. (2015). The effects of women’s labour force participation and work‒family reconciliation support on fertility. Family and Environment Research 53(1): 49‒66.
Hirao, K. (2001). Mothers as the best teachers: Motherhood and early childhood education. In: Brinton, M.C. (ed.). Women’s working lives in East Asia. Stanford: Stanford University Press: 180‒203.
Hobcraft, J.N. (1996). Fertility in England and Wales: A fifty-year perspective. Population Studies 50(3): 485‒524.
Houseman, S.N. and Osawa, M. (2003). The growth of nonstandard employment in Japan and the United States. In: Houseman, S.N. and Ōsawa, M. (eds.). Nonstandard work in developed economies: Causes and consequences. Kalamazoo: WE Upjohn Institute: 175‒214.
Jung, J. (2012). 40% of 20’s and 30’s say that “I am Sam-Po Sedae".
Kalleberg, A.L. (2000). Nonstandard employment relations: Part-time, temporary and contract work. Annual Review of Sociology 26(1): 341‒365.
Kalleberg, A.L., Reskin, B.F., and Hudson, K. (2000). Bad jobs in America: Standard and nonstandard employment relations and job quality in the United States. American Sociological Review 65(2): 256‒278.
Karabchuk, T. (2020). Job instability and fertility intentions of young adults in Europe: Does labor market legislation matter? The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 688(1): 225‒245.
Kim, D.S. (2013). The 1997 Economic Crisis, changes in the pattern of achieved fertility and ideal number of children in Korea. In: Yeung, W-J. and Yap, T.Y. (eds.). Economic stress, human capital, and families in Asia: Policy and research challenges. Dordrecht: Springer: 73‒90.
Kim, H.S. (2014). Female labour force participation and fertility in South Korea. Asian Population Studies 10(3): 252‒273.
Kim, Y.S. (2016). The scale and actual conditions of non-standard employment in South Korea. Korean Labour and Society Institute 9.
Korean Statistical Information Service (Kosis) (2016).
Lee, S. (2017). Paradigm shifts in family policy on changes in marriage and fertility behavior. Sejong City: Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs.
Lee, S. (2001). Women’s education, work, and marriage in South Korea. In: Brinton, M.C. (ed.). Women’s working lives in East Asia. Stanford: Stanford University Press: 204‒232.
Lesthaeghe, R. and Surkyn, J. (1988). Cultural dynamics and economic theories of fertility change. Population and Development Review 14(1): 1‒45.
Lim, S. (2017). Bad jobs’ for marriage: Precarious work and the transition to first marriage. In: Kalleberg, A.L. and Vallas, S.P. (eds.). Precarious work (Research in the Sociology of Work, Vol 31). Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited: 399‒427.
Ma, L. (2014). Economic crisis and women’s labor force return after childbirth: Evidence from South Korea. Demographic Research 31(18): 511‒552.
Ma, L. (2016). Female labour force participation and second birth rates in South Korea. Journal of Population Research 33(2): 173‒195.
McDonald, P. (2000). Gender equity in theories of fertility transition. Population and Development Review 26(3): 427‒439.
McLanahan, S. (2004). Diverging destinies: How children are faring under the second demographic transition. Demography 41(4): 607‒627.
Ministry of Employment and Labor (2017). Trends in nonstandard employment.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2015). OECD Employment Outlook. Paris: OECD Publishing.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2017). OECD Employment Outlook. Paris: OECD Publishing.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2014). OECD Family Database. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Oppenheimer, V.K. (1988). A theory of marriage timing. American Journal of Sociology 94(3): 563‒591.
Oppenheimer, V.K. (1988). Women’s rising employment and the future of the family in industrial societies. Population and Development Review 20: 293‒342.
Oppenheimer, V.K., Kalmijn, M., and Lim, N. (1997). Men’s career development and marriage timing during a period of rising inequality. Demography 34(3): 311‒330.
Park, H. and Lee, J.K. (2017). Growing educational differentials in the retreat from marriage among Korean men. Social Science Research 66: 187‒200.
Park, H., Lee, J.K., and Jo, I. (2013). Changing relationships between education and marriage among Korean women. Korean Journal of Sociology 47(3): 51‒76.
Parker, B. (2015). South Korea’s Millennials downbeat about payoff of education, future. Washington, D.C: Pew Research Center.
Phillips, M. (2014). It takes $290,000 in cash to rent an apartment in Seoul.
Raymo, J.M. and Park, H. (2020). Marriage decline in Korea: Changing composition of the domestic marriage market and growth in international marriage. Demography 57(1): 171‒194.
Raymo, J.M., Park, H., Xie, Y., and Yeung, W.J.J. (2015). Marriage and family in East Asia: Continuity and change. Annual Review of Sociology 41: 471‒492.
Rindfuss, R.R., Guzzo, K.B., and Morgan, S.P. (2003). The changing institutional context of low fertility. Population Research and Policy Review 22(5‒6): 411‒438.
Ruggles, S. (2015). Patriarchy, power, and pay: The transformation of American families, 1800–2015. Demography 52(6): 1797‒1823.
Schneider, D. (2011). Wealth and the marital divide. American Journal of Sociology 117(2): 627‒667.
Schneider, D., Harknett, K., and Stimpson, M. (2019). Job quality and the educational gradient in entry into marriage and cohabitation. Demography 56(2): 451‒476.
Schneider, D. and Reich, A. (2014). Marrying ain’t hard when you got a union card? Labor union membership and first marriage. Social Problems 61(4): 625‒643.
Seoul Metropolitan Government (2020). Guide about housing subsidy for newlyweds.
Seoul Metropolitan Government (2018). Seoul survey on urban policy indicators.
Shin, Y.J., Lee, M.J., and Park, S. (2017). Changes in homogamy and heterogamy in the era of low fertility in Korea. Sejong: Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs.
Smits, J., Ultee, W., and Lammers, J. (1998). Educational homogamy in 65 countries: An explanation of differences in openness using country-level explanatory variables. American Sociological Review 63(2): 264–285.
Sohn, J.-y. (2019). Korea’s mortgage-backed lending rat hits three-year high, raising household debt burden.
Sohn, S.-Y. (2011). The effect of regular workers and non-regular workers on the subjective health status. Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing 20(3): 346‒355 (in Korean).
Son, Y.J. (2018). Do childbirth grants increase the fertility rate? Policy impacts in South Korea. Review of Economics of the Household 16(3): 713‒735.
Song, J.E., Ahn, J.A., and Lee, S.K. (2018). Factors related to low birth rate among married women in Korea. PLOS ONE 13(3): e0194597.
Statistics Korea (2019). Fertility Statistics.
Statistics Korea (2018). Results of the 2017 population and housing census.
Statistics Korea (2017). Results: Survey on the 2017 household finance and welfare.
Yeung, W.J.J. and Yang, Y. (2020). Labor market uncertainties for youth and young adults: An international perspective. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 688(1): 7‒19.
Yoo, S.H. (2014). Educational differentials in cohort fertility during the fertility transition in South Korea. Demographic Research 30(53): 1463‒1494.