Volume 44 - Article 28 | Pages 653–698
US disparities in affluence by household structure, 1959 to 2017
By John Iceland
References
Addo, F.R. and Ricketts, L.R. (2019). As fewer young adults wed, married couples’ wealth surpasses others’. St. Louis: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis , In the Balance).
Amato, P.R. and Maynard, R.A. (2007). Decreasing nonmarital birth and strengthening marriage to reduce poverty. The Future of Children 17(2): 117‒141.
Baker, R. (2015). The changing association among marriage, work, and child poverty in the United States, 1974‒2010. Journal of Marriage and Family 77(5): 1166‒1178.
Becker, G.S. (1981). A treatise on the family. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Ben-Shalom, Y., Moffitt, R.A., and Scholz, J.K. (2011). An assessment of the effectiveness of anti-poverty programs in the United States. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper 17042.
Blau, F.D. and Kahn, L.M. (2017). The gender wage gap: Extent, trends, and explanations. Journal of Economic Literature 55(3): 789–865.
Bowman, J. (2020). Do the affluent override average Americans? Measuring policy disagreement and unequal influence. Social Science Quarterly 101(3): 1018–1037.
Brady, D., Finnigan, R.M., and Hübgen, S. (2017). Rethinking the risks of poverty: A framework for analyzing prevalences and penalties. American Journal of Sociology 13(3): 740–786.
Britt-Lutter, S. and Dorius, C. (2018). The financial implications of cohabitation among young adults. Journal of Financial Planning 31(4): 38–45.
Cancian, M. and Reed, D. (2000). Changes in family structure: Implications for poverty and related policy. Focus 21(2): 21‒26.
Cancian, M. and Reed, D. (2009). Family structure, childbearing, and parental employment: Implications for the level and trend in poverty. In: Danziger, D. and Cancian, M. (eds.). Changing poverty, changing policies. New York: Russell Sage: 92‒121.
Casper, L.M. and Cohen, P.N. (2000). How does POSSLQ measure up? Historical estimates of cohabitation. Demography 37(2): 237‒245.
Cherlin, A.J. (2009). The marriage-go-round: The state of marriage and the family in America today. New York: Vintage Books.
Citro, C.F. and Michael, R.T. (1995). Measuring poverty: A new approach. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Daly, M.C. and Valletta, R.G. (2006). Inequality and poverty in United States: The effects of rising dispersion of men’s earnings and changing family behaviour. Economica 73(289): 75–98.
Edin, K. and Lein, L. (1997). Making ends meet: How single mothers survive welfare and low-wage work. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Goldin, C. (2006). The quiet revolution that transformed women’s employment, education, and family. American Economic Review 96(2): 1‒21.
Hao, L. (1996). Family structure, private transfers, and the economic well-being of families with children. Social Forces 75(1): 269‒292.
Härkönen, J. (2018). Single-mother poverty: How much do educational differences in single motherhood matter? In: Nieuwenhuis, R. and Maldonado, L.C. (eds.). The triple bind of single-parent families: Resources, employment and policies to improve wellbeing. Bristol: Policy Press: 31–50.
Hirschl, T.A., Altobelli, J., and Rank, M.R. (2003). Does marriage increase the odds of affluence? Explore the life course probabilities. Journal of Marriage and Family 65(4): 927–938.
Horowitz, J., Igielnik, R., and Kochhar, R. (2020). Most Americans say there is too much economic inequality in the U.S., but fewer than half call it a top priority. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center.
Iceland, J. (2014). Portrait of America: The demographic perspective. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Iceland, J. (2013). Poverty in America: A handbook. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Iceland, J. (2019). Racial and ethnic inequality in poverty and affluence, 1959‒2015. Population Research and Policy Review 38: 615‒654.
Iceland, J. (2000). The ‘family/couple/household’ unit of measurement in poverty estimation. Journal of Economic and Social Measurement 26(3‒4): 253‒265.
Kapelle, N. and Lersch, P.M. (2020). The accumulation of wealth in marriage: Over-time change and within-couple inequalities. European Sociological Review 36(4): 580‒593.
Lerman, R.I., Price, J., and Wilcox, W.B. (2017). Family structure and economic success across the life course. Marriage and Family Review 53(8): 744‒758.
Lesthaeghe, R. (1995). The second demographic transition in Western countries: An interpretation. In: Masen, K.O. and Jensen, A.M. (eds.). Gender and family change in industrialized countries. Oxford: Clarendon Press: 17‒62.
Lesthaeghe, R. (2010). The unfolding story of the second demographic transition. Population and Development Review 36(2): 211‒251.
Lupton, J. and Smith, J.P. (2003). Marriage, assets and savings. In: Grossbard-Schectman, S. (ed.). Marriage and the economy: Theories from advanced industrial societies. New York: Cambridge University Press: 129‒152.
Marsh, K., Darity Jr, W.A., Cohen, P.N., Casper, L., and Salters, D. (2007). The emerging black middle class: Single and living alone. Social Forces 86(2): 735‒762.
Martin, M.M. (2006). Family structure and income inequality in families with children. Demography 43(3): 421–446.
Maslow, A.H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper and Row.
McCall, L. and Percheski, C. (2010). Income inequality: New trends and directions. Annual Review of Sociology 36: 329‒347.
McLanahan, S. (2004). Diverging destinies: How children are faring under the second demographic transition. Demography 41(4): 607‒627.
McLanahan, S. and Percheski, C. (2008). Family structure and the reproduction of inequalities. Annual Review of Sociology 34: 257‒276.
McLanahan, S., Tach, L., and Schneider, D. (2013). The effects of father absence. Annual Review of Sociology 39: 399‒427.
Musick, K. and Bumpass, L. (2012). Reexamining the case for marriage: Union formation and changes in well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family 74(1): 1‒18.
Raley, R.K., Sweeney, M.M., and Wondra, D. (2015). The growing racial and ethnic divide in U.S. marriage patterns. Future of Children 25(2): 89‒109.
Reeves, R., Pulliam, C., and Schobert, A. (2019). Are wages rising, falling, or stagnating? The Brookings Institution, Middle Class Memos September 10.
Reeves, R.V. (2017). Dream hoarders: How the American upper middle class is leaving everyone else in the dust, why that is a problem, and what to do about it. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Ruggles, S., Genadek, K., Goeken, R., Grover, J., and Sobek, M. (2015). Integrated public use microdata series: Version 6.0 [dataset. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
Smock, P. and Greenland, F.R. (2010). Diversity in pathways to parenthood: Patterns, implications, and emerging research directions. Journal of Marriage and Family 72(3): 576–593.
Smock, P., Manning, W., and Porter, M. (2005). Everything’s there except money’: How money shapes decisions to marry among cohabitors. Journal of Marriage and Family 67(3): 680‒696.
Soons, J.P.M. and Kalmijn, M. (2009). Is marriage more than cohabitation? Well-being differences in 30 European countries. Journal of Marriage and Family 71(5): 1141–1157.
South, S.J. (1991). Sociodemographic differentials in mate selection preferences. Journal of Marriage and Family 53(4): 928–940.
Thomas, A. and Sawhill, I. (2005). For love and money? The impact of family structure on family income. The Future of Children 15(2): 57–74.
US Bureau of Labor Statistics (2018). Labor force participation rates 1975‒2013: Mothers and Families data, Current Population Survey, Graph by the Women’s Bureau. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Labor.
US Census Bureau (2018). HINC-01. Selected Characteristics of Households by Total Money Income. Washington, D.C: Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Detailed Household Income Tables.
US Census Bureau (2018). POV01: Age and Sex of All People, Family Members and Unrelated Individuals Iterated by Income-to-Poverty Ratio and Race: 2017. Washington, D.C: Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Detailed Poverty Tables.
US Census Bureau (2017). Table 4. Poverty Status of Families, by Type of Family, Presence of Related Children, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2015. Washington, D.C: Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Historical Income Inequality Tables.
US Census Bureau (2018). Table 4. Poverty Status of Families, by Type of Family, Presence of Related Children, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2017. Washington, D.C: Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Historical Poverty Tables.
US Census Bureau (2019). Table H-1. Income Limits for Each Fifth and Top 5 Percent of Household: 1947 to 2018. Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Historical Income Tables.
US Census Bureau (2019). Table H-5. Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder ‒ Households by Median and Mean Income. Washington, D.C: Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Historical Income Tables.
US Census Bureau (2017). Table HH-1. Households by Type: 1940 to Present. Washington, D.C: Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Historical Households Tables.
US Census Bureau (2019). Table P-38. Full-Time, Year-Round Workers by Median Earnings and Sex. Washington, D.C: Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Historical Income Tables.
Vespa, J. and Painter, M.A. (2011). Cohabitation history, marriage, and wealth accumulation. Demography 48(3): 983–1004.
Waite, L.J. (1995). Does marriage matter? Demography 32(4): 483–507.
Waite, L.J. and Gallagher, M. (2000). The case for marriage: Why married people are happier, healthier, and better off financially. New York: Doubleday.
Wildsmith, E., Manlove, J., and Cook, E. (2018). Dramatic increase in the proportion of births outside of marriage in the United States from 1990 to 2016. Washington, D.C: Child Trends, Child Trends Brief, August 8.
Yavorsky, J.E., Keister, L., Qian, Y., and Nau, M. (2019). Women in the one percent: Gender dynamics in top income positions. American Sociological Review 84(1): 54‒81.
Zhang, Y. and Ang, S. (2020). Trajectories of union transition in emerging adulthood: Socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity differences in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort. Journal of Marriage and Family 82(2): 713‒732.