Volume 32 - Article 1 | Pages 1–28
Is Buddhism the low fertility religion of Asia?
By Vegard Skirbekk, Marcin Stonawski, Setsuya Fukuda, Thomas Spoorenberg, Conrad Hackett, Raya Muttarak
References
Adhikari, R. (2010). Demographic, socio-economic, and cultural factors affecting fertility differentials in Nepal. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 10(1): 19.
Attané, I. and Guilmoto, C. (2007). Watering the neighbour's garden. Paris: Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography.
Australian Bureau of Statistics (2006). Census of Population and Housing. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics.
Baumann, M. (1995). Creating a European path to Nirvâna: Historical and contemporary developments of Buddhism in Europe. Journal of Contemporary Religion 10(1): 55-70.
Blume, M. (2009). The Reproductive Benefits of Religious Affiliation. In: Voland, E. and Schiefenhövel, W. (eds.). The Biological Evolution of Religious Mind and Behavior. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer: 117-126.
Brown, G.K. (2008). Horizontal Inequalities and Separatism in Southeast Asia: A Comparative Perspective. In: Stewart, F. (ed.). Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict: Understanding Group Violence in Multiethnic Societies. Basingstoke: Palgrave: 252-284.
Burch, T.K. (1966). The fertility of north American catholics: A comparative overview. Demography 3(1): 174-187.
Chamie, J. (1981). Religion and fertility: Arab Christian-Muslim differentials. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.
Childs, G., Goldstein, M.C., Jiao, B., and Beall, C.M. (2005). Tibetan Fertility Transitions in China and South Asia. Population and Development Review 31(2): 337-349.
Courbage, Y. and Todd, E. (2007). Le Rendez-vous des civilisations. Paris: Seuil/La République des Idées.
Demographic and Health Surveys (2013). Demographic and Health Surveys [Cambodia 2005, India 2005–6, Nepal 2006]. Rockville, MD: ICF International.
Eberstadt, N. and Shah, A. (2012). Fertility Decline in the Muslim World, c. 1975–c. 2005: A Veritable Sea-Change, Still Curiously Unnoticed. In: Groth, H. and Sousa-Poza, A. (eds.). Population Dynamics in Muslim Countries. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer: 11-27.
Falk, N.A. (1989). The Case of the Vanishing Nuns: The Fruits of Ambivalence in Ancient Indian Buddhism. In: Falk, N.A. and Gross, R.M. (eds.). Unspoken words: Women and religious lives. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth: 208-216.
Faure, B. (2003). The power of denial: Buddhism, purity, and gender. Princeton/Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Frejka, T. and Westoff, C.F. (2008). Religion, Religiousness and Fertility in the US and in Europe. European Journal of Population / Revue européenne de Démographie 24(1): 5-31.
Gellner, D.N. (2001). Buddhism. In: Smelser, N.J. and Baltes, P.B. (eds.). International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Pergamon: 1378-1386.
Goldscheider, C. (1967). Fertility of the jews. Demography 4(1): 196-209.
Goldscheider, C. (1971). Population, modernization, and social structure. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
Gombrich, R.F. (2006). Theravada Buddhism. A social history from ancient Benares to modern Colombo. New York: Routledge.
Gross, R.M. (1995). Buddhist resources for issues of population, consumption, and the environment. In: H., Coward (ed.). Population, consumption and the environment. Religious and secular responses. Albany: State University of New York Press: 155-172.
Hackett, C., Grim, B., Stonawski, M., V., Skirbekk, Potančoková, M., and Abel, G. (2012). The Global Religious Landscape. A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Major Religious Groups as of 2010. Washington D.C.: Pew Research Center.
Hosaka, S. and Nagayasu, Y. (1993). Buddhism and Japanese Economic Ethics. In: Minus, P.M. (ed.). The Ethics of Business in a Global Economy. Dordrecht: Springer: 99-103.
IMF (2011). Nominal GDP per capita. Washington D.C.: International Monetary Fund.
Inoguchi, T. et al. (2006). AsiaBarometer Survey Data. AsiaBarometer Project.
Johnson, T.M. and Grim, B. (2008). World Religion Database. Leiden/Boston: Brill.
Johnson, T.M. and Ross, K.R. (2009). Atlas of Global Christianity 1910–2010. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Jones, G., Straughan, P.T., and Chan, A. (2009). Ultra-low fertility in Pacific Asia. New York: Routledge.
Kabilsingh, C. (1998). Women in Buddhism: Questions and answers. Bangkok: Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc.
Karim, M. (2005). Islamic teachings on reproductive health. In: Jones, G. and Karim, M. (eds.). Islam, the state and population. London: Hurst and Co.: 40-55.
Kelley, J. and De Graaf, N.D. (1997). National Context, Parental Socialization, and Religious Belief: Results from 15 Nations. American Sociological Review 62(4): 639-659.
Keown, D. (1998). Buddhism and abortion. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
Keown, D. (2005). End of life: the Buddhist view. The Lancet 366(9489): 952-955.
Kim, D. and Song, Y. (2005). Does religion matter? A study of regional variations in sex ratio at birth in Korea. Paper presented at the CEPED-CICRED-INED conference on Female Deficit in Asia: Trends and Perspectives, Singapore, December 5-7, 2005.
Knodel, J.E., Chamratrithirong, A., and Debavalya, N. (1987). Thailand’s reproductive revolution: Rapid fertility decline in a third-world setting. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Knodel, J.E., Gray, R.S., Sriwatcharin, P., and Peracca, S. (1999). Religion and reproduction: Muslims in Buddhist Thailand. Population Studies 53(2): 149-164.
Kojima, H. (2014). The effects of religion on fertility-related attitudes and behavior in Japan, South Korea and Singapore. Waseda Studies in Social Sciences 15(1): 1-26.
Learman, L. (2005). Modernity, marriage, and religion: Buddhist Marriages in Taiwan. [Ph.D. Thesis]. Boston, MA: Boston University, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.
Leete, R. (1996). Malaysia's Demographic Transition, Rapid Development, Culture, and Politics. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Leete, R. and Tan Boon, A. (1993). Contrasting fertility trends among ethnic groups in Malaysia. In: Leete, R. and Alam, I. (eds.). The revolution in Asian fertility: Dimensions, causes, and Implications. Oxford: Clarendon Press: 128147.
Lehrer, E.L. (2004). Religion as a Determinant of Economic and Demographic Behavior in the United States. Population and Development Review 30(4): 707-726.
Lehrer, E.L. (1996). Religion as a determinant of marital fertility. Journal of Population Economics 9(2): 173-196.
Ling, T.O. (1969). Buddhist factors in population growth and control: A survey based on Thailand and Ceylon. Population Studies 23(1): 53-60.
Marddent, A. (2013). Religious Piety and Muslim Women in Thailand. In: Schröter, S. (ed.). Gender and Islam in Southeast Asia: Women’s Rights Movements, Religious Resurgence and Local Traditions. Leiden: Brill: 241-265.
McCleary, R.M. and Barro, R.J. (2006). Religion and Political Economy in an International Panel. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 45(2): 149-175.
McQuillan, K. (2004). When Does Religion Influence Fertility? Population and Development Review 30(1): 25-56.
Minnesota Population Center (2013). Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, International. (Machine-readable database). Version 6.1. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
Mole, R.L. (1973). Thai values and behavior patterns. Rutland: C.E. Tuttle Co.
Morgan, S.P., Stash, S., Smith, H.L., and Mason, K.O. (2002). Muslim and Non-Muslim Differences in Female Autonomy and Fertility: Evidence from Four Asian Countries. Population and Development Review 28(3): 515-537.
National Statistical Office (NSO) (1997). Social Indicators. Bangkok: National Statistical Office.
National Statistical Office of Mongolia (2010). The 2010 Population and Housing Census of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar: NSO.
National Statistical Office of Mongolia, UNFPA, and Ministry of Health (2004). Mongolia. Reproductive Health Survey 2003. National Report. Ulaanbaatar: NSO.
Nepomuceno, T. (1991). The "anatomy" of Thailand's successful family planning program. IMCH newsletter 18(189): 1.
Norris, P. and Inglehart, R. (2004). Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Perrett, R.W. (2000). Buddhism, Abortion and the Middle Way. Asian Philosophy 10(2): 101-114.
Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (2007). Muslim Americans: Middle class and mostly mainstream. Washington, DC: Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life and the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press.
Philipov, D. and Berghammer, C. (2007). Religion and fertility ideals, intentions and behaviour: a comparative study of European countries. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2007: 271-305.
Roudi-Fahimi, F. (2004). Islam and family planning. Washington, D.C.: Population Reference Bureau.
Roudi-Fahimi, F., May, J.F., and Lynch, A.C. (2013). Demographic trends in Muslim countries. Washington, D.C.: Population Reference Bureau.
Sajoux, M. and Chahoua, S. (2012). Transition de la fécondité et développement au Maroc. Un lien complexe et spatialement différencié. Les Cahiers d’EMAM 21: 33-62.
Schak, D.C. (2008). Gender and Buddhism in Taiwan. 9: 145-174.
Schoonheim, M. and Hülsken, M. (2011). Religion and fertility at the extremes: The Netherlands and Taiwan, 1950–1985. The History of the Family 16(3): 267-277.
Sherkat, D.E. (2000). "That They Be Keepers of the Home": The Effect of Conservative Religion on Early and Late Transitions into Housewifery. Review of Religious Research 41(3): 344-358.
Skirbekk, V., Kaufmann, E., and Goujon, A. (2010). Secularism, Fundamentalism, or Catholicism? The Religious Composition of the United States to 2043. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 49(2): 293-310.
Sponberg, A. (2005). Buddhism. In: Manning, C. and P., Zuckerman (eds.). Sex and religion. Toronto: Thomson Wadsworth: 41-59.
Spoorenberg, T. (2009). The impact of the political and economic transition on fertility and family formation in Mongolia. Asian Population Studies 5(2): 127-151.
Stacey, D. (2011). What Do Religions Say About Birth Control and Family Planning? [electronic resource] About.com.
Stark, R. and Finke, R. (2000). Acts of faith: Explaining the human side of religion. Berkely, CA: University of California Press.
Suwanbubbha, P. (2003). The right to family planning, contraception and abortion in Thai Buddhism. In: Maguire, D.C. (ed.). Sacred rights: The case for contraception and abortion in world religions. New York: Oxford University Press: 145-165.
T., Nepomuceno (1991). The "anatomy" of Thailand's successful family planning program. IMCH Newsletter 198: 1.
Tanioka, I., Maeda, Y., and Iwai, N. (2010). Japanese General Social Survey (JGSS), ICPSR34623-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
Teachman, J.D. (2002). Stability across cohorts in divorce risk factors. Demography 39(2): 331-351.
Thailand Census (2000). The 2000 Population and Housing Census. Bangkok: National Statistical Office in Thailand.
Thathong, K. (2012). A Spiritual Dimension and Environmental Education: Buddhism and Environmental Crisis. Paper presented at the 4th World Conference on Educational Sciences (WCES-2012), Barcelona, Spain, February 2-5 2012.
TWA (Tibetan Women’s Voice) (1995). An Interview with His Holiness the Dalai Lama: July 20, 1995, private office Dharamsala. Dolma: The Voice of Tibetan Women : 34-38.
UNPD (United Nations Population Division) (2013). The World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision. New York: United Nations Population Division.
Westoff, C.F. and Frejka, T. (2007). Religiousness and Fertility among European Muslims. Population and Development Review 33(4): 785-809.
Zimmer, B.G. and Goldscheider, C. (1966). A further look at catholic fertility. Demography 3(2): 462-469.