Volume 28 - Article 2 | Pages 33–62
Estimating spatial inequalities of urban child mortality
By Marta Jankowska, Magdalena Benza, John Weeks
References
African Population Health Research Center (2002). Population and health dynamics in Nairobi's informal settlements: Report of the Nairobi cross-sectional slums survey (NCSS) 2000. Nairobi: APHRC.
Antai, D. and Moradi, T. (2010). Urban area disadvantage and under-5 mortality in Nigeria: The effect of rapid urbanization. Environmental Health Perspectives 118(6): 877-883.
Balk, D., Pullum, T., Storeygard, A., Greenwell, F., and Neuman, M. (2004). A spatial analysis of childhood mortality in West Africa. Population, Space and Place 10(3): 175-216.
Boadi, K.O. and Kuitunen, M. (2006). Factors affecting the choice of cooking fuel, cooking place and respiratory health in the Accra metropolitan area, Ghana. Journal of Biosocial Science 38(3): 403-412.
Boutayeb, A. (2006). The double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases in developing countries. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 100(3): 191-199.
Cameron, L. and Williams, J. (2009). Is the relationship between socioeconomic status and health stronger for older children in developing countries? Demography 46(2): 303-324.
Cleveland, W.S. and Loader, C. (1996). Smoothing by local regression: Principles and methods. In: Haerdle, W. and Schimek, M.G. (eds.). Statistical theory and computational aspects of smoothing. New York: Springer.
Dunn, J.R. and Cummins, S. (2007). Placing health in context. Social Science & Medicine 65(9): 1821-1824.
Elbers, C., Lanjouw, P., Mistiaen, J., Özler, B., Simler, K., UN University, and World Institute for Development Economics Research (2003). Are neighbours equal? Estimating local inequality in three developing countries. United Nations university. World institute for development economics research (UNU/WIDER).
Entwisle, B. (2007). Putting people into place. Demography 44(4): 687-703.
Ewbank, D.C. (1993). Effects of health programs on child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington DC: National Academies Press.
Farah, A.A. and Preston, S.H. (1982). Child mortality differentials in Sudan. Population and Development Review 8(2): 365-383.
Fay, M., Leipziger, D., Wodon, Q., and Yepes, T. (2005). Achieving child-health-related millennium development goals: The role of infrastructure. World Development 33(8): 1267-1284.
Feeney, G. (1980). Estimating infant mortality trends from child survivorship data. Population Studies 34(1): 109-128.
Fry, S., Cousins, B., and Olivola, K. (2002). Health of children living in urban slums in Asia and the near East: Review of existing literature and data. Environmental Health Project, Activity Report. Washington, D.C.: USAID.
Garenne, M. (2010). Urbanisation and child health in resource poor settings with special reference to under-five mortality in Africa. Archives of Disease in Childhood 95(6): 464-468.
Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), Ghana Health Service (GHS), and ICF Macro (2009). Ghana demographic and health survey 2008. Calverton, MD: GSS, GHS, and IFC Macro.
Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), and ORC Macro (2004). Ghana demographic and health survey, 2003. Calverton, MD: GSS, NMIMR, and ORC Macro.
Harttgen, K. and Misselhorn, M. (2006). A multilevel approach to explain child mortality and undernutrition in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. University of Göttingen.
Hentschel, J., Lanjouw, J.O., Lanjouw, P., and Poggi, J. (2000). Combining census and survey data to trace the spatial dimensions of poverty: A case study of Ecuador. The World Bank Economic Review 14(1): 147-165.
Hill, A. (1993). Trends in childhood mortality. In: Foote, K.A., Hill, K.H., and Martin, L.G. (eds.). Demographic Change in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press: 153-217.
Hill, A.G., Darko, R., Seffah, J., Adanu, R.M.K., Anarfi, J.K., and Duda, R.B. (2007). Health of urban Ghanaian women as identified by the Women's Health Study of Accra. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 99(2): 150-156.
Kravdal, Ø. (2004). Child mortality in India: The community-level effect of education. Population Studies 58(2): 177-192.
Ladusingh, L. and Singh, C.H. (2006). Place, community education, gender and child mortality in North-east India. Population, Space and Place 12(1): 65-76.
Le, N.D., Sun, W., and Zidek, J.V. (1997). Bayesian multivariate spatial interpolation with data missing by design. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology) 59(2): 501-510.
Montgomery, M. (2009). Urban poverty and health in developing countries. Population reference bureau (PRB).
Montgomery, M. and Hewett, P.C. (2005). Urban poverty and health in developing countries: Household and neighborhood effects. Demography 42(3): 397-425.
National Research Council (2007). Tools and methods for estimating populations at risk from natural disasters and complex humanitarian crises. National Academy Press.
Perera, B., Østbye, T., and Jayawardana, C. (2009). Neighborhood environment and self-rated health among adults in southern Sri Lanka. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 6(8): 2102-2112.
Pickett, K.E. and Pearl, M. (2001). Multilevel analyses of neighbourhood socioeconomic context and health outcomes: A critical review. British Medical Journal 55(2): 111-122.
Rajaratnam, J.K., Tran, L.N., Lopez, A.D., and Murray, C.J.L. (2010). Measuring under-five mortality: Validation of new low-cost methods. PLoS Medicine 7(4): e1000253.
Ridd, M.K. (1995). Exploring a V-I-S (vegetation-impervious surface-soil) model for urban ecosystem analysis through remote sensing: Comparative anatomy for cities. International Journal of Remote Sensing 16(12): 2165-2185.
Riva, M., Gauvin, L., and Barnett, T.A. (2007). Toward the next generation of research into small area effects on health: A synthesis of multilevel investigations published since July 1998. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 61(10): 853-861.
Roberts, G. and Binder, D. (2009). Analyses based on combining similar information from multiple surveys. In: Survey Research Methods Section of the Joint Statistical Meetings (JSM). Washington, DC: 2138-2147.
Schenker, N. and Raghunathan, T.E. (2007). Combining information from multiple surveys to enhance estimation of measures of health. Statistics in Medicine 26(8): 1802-1811.
Songsore, J. and McGranahan, G. (1993). Environment, wealth and health: Towards an analysis of intra-urban differentials within the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana. Environment and Urbanization 5(2): 10-34.
Songsore, J. and McGranahan, G. (2007). Poverty and the Environmental Health Agenda in a Low-income City: The Case of the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA), Ghana. In: Marcotullio, P. and Mcgranahan, G. (eds.). Scaling urban environmental challenges: From local to global and back. London: Earthscan: 132.
Stein, M.L. (1999). Interpolation of spatial data: Some theory for kriging. Springer Verlag.
Stoler, J., Daniels, D., Weeks, J.R., Stow, D.A., Coulter, L.L., and Finch, B.K. (2012a). Assessing the utility of satellite imagery with differing spatial resolutions for deriving proxy measures of slum presence in Accra, Ghana. GIScience & Remote Sensing 49(1): 31-52.
Stoler, J., Fink, G., Weeks, J.R., Otoo, R.A., Ampofo, J.A., and Hill, A.G. (2012b). When urban taps run dry: Sachet water consumption and health effects in low income neighborhoods of Accra, Ghana. Health & Place 18(2): 250-262.
Timæus, I.M. and Lush, L. (1995). Intra-urban differentials in child health. Health Transition Review 5(2): 163-190.
UN-Habitat (2003). The Challenge of Slums - Global Report on Human Settlements 2003. Nairobi, Kenya: UN-Habitat.
UN-Habitat and Ghana Statistical Service (2003). The Accra Slum Survey of 2003. Nairobi: UN-Habitat.
United Nations Population Division (1983). Manual X: Indirect Techniques for Demographic Estimation. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Population Division (2010). World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision Data Online [electronic resource]. New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
Van de Poel, E., O'Donnell, O., and Van Doorslaer, E. (2007). Are urban children really healthier? Evidence from 47 developing countries. Social Science & Medicine 65(10): 1986-2003.
Vlahov, D., Boufford, J.I., Pearson, C., and Norris, L. (2010). Urban Health in a Global Perspective. In: Urban Health: Global Perspectives. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Voss, P.R. (2007). Demography as a spatial social science. Population Research and Policy Review 26(5-6): 457-476.
Wang, L. (2003). Determinants of child mortality in LDCs: Empirical findings from demographic and health surveys. Health Policy 65(3): 277-299.
Weeks, J.R. (2011). Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Eleventh Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Weeks, J.R., Getis, A., Stow, D.A., Hill, A.G., Rain, D., Engstrom, R., Stoler, J., Lippitt, C., Jankowska, M., Lopez-Carr, A.C., Coulter, L., and Ofiesh, C. (2012). Connecting the dots between health, poverty and place in Accra, Ghana. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 102(5): 932-941.
Weeks, J.R., Hill, A., Stow, D., Getis, A., and Fugate, D. (2007). Can we spot a neighborhood from the air? Defining neighborhood structure in Accra, Ghana. GeoJournal 69(1-2): 9-22.