Volume 21 - Article 15 | Pages 427–468
The Likoma Network Study: Context, data collection and initial results
By Stephane Helleringer, Hans-Peter Kohler, Agnes Chimbiri, Praise Chatonda, James Mkandawire
References
Adams, J. and Moody, J. (2007). To tell the truth: Measuring concordance in multiply reported network data. Social Networks 29(1): 44-58.
Anderson, R.M. and May, R.M. (1991). Infectious diseases of humans: Dynamics and control. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bailey, N.T.J. (1975). The mathematical theory of infectious disease and its applications. New York: Hafner Press.
Bearman, P.S., Moody, J., and Stovel, K. (2004). Chains of Affection: The Structure of Adolescent Romantic and Sexual Networks. American Journal of Sociology 110(1): 44-91.
Bell, D.C., Montoya, I.D., and Atkinson, J.S. (2000). Partner concordance in reports of joint risk behaviors. Journal of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 25(2): 173-181.
Blasnick, M. (2001). Gsoundex: Stata module to implement soundex algorithm. Boston College Department of Economics (unpublished manuscript).
Brewer, D.D. and Webster, C.M. (1999). Forgetting of friends and its effects on measuring friendship networks. Social Networks 21(4): 361-373.
Burt, R.S. (1987). Social Contagion and Innovation: Cohesion versus Structural Equivalence. American Journal of Sociology 92(6): 1287-1335.
Caldwell, J.C., Caldwell, P., and Quiggin, P. (1989). The social context of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Population and Development Review 15(2): 185-234.
Cleland, J., Boerma, J.T., Carael, M., and Weir, S.S. (2004). Monitoring sexual behaviour in general populations: A synthesis of lessons of the past decade. Sexually Transmitted Infections 80(Supplement 2): 1-7.
Cliff, A., Haggett, P., and Smallman-Raynor, M. (2000). Island Epidemics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Coffee, M., Lurie, M.N., and Garnett, G.P. (2007). Modelling the impact of migration on the HIV epidemic in South Africa. AIDS 21(3): 343-350.
Coffee, M.P., Garnett, G.P., Mlilo, M., Voeten, H.A., Chandiwana, S., and Gregson, S. (2005). Patterns of movement and risk of HIV infection in rural Zimbabwe. Journal of Infectious Diseases 191(Supplement 1): 159-167.
Coleman, J.D., Katz, E., and Menzel, H. (1966). Medical Innovation: A Diffusion Story. New York: Bobbs-Merrill.
Costenbader, E. and Valente, T.W. (2003). The stability of centrality measures when networks are sampled. Social Networks 25(4): 283-307.
Doherty, I.A., Padian, N.S., Marlow, C., and Aral, S.O. (2005). Determinants and Consequences of Sexual Networks as They Affect the Spread of Sexually Transmitted Infections. Journal of Infectious Diseases 191(S1): 42-54.
Ghani, A.C. and Garnett, G.P. (2000). Risks of acquiring and transmitting sexually transmitted diseases in sexual partner networks. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 27(10): 579-587.
Ghani, A.C., Ison, C.A., Ward, H., Garnett, G.P., Bell, G., Kinghorn, G.R., Weber, J., and Day, S. (1996). Sexual partner networks in the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. An analysis of gonorrhea cases in Sheffield, UK. Sexually Transmitted Disease 23(6): 498-503.
Glynn, J.R., Glynn, J.R., Caraël, M., Auvert, B., Kahindo, M., Chege, J., Musonda, R., Kaona, F., Buvé, A., and the Study Group on the Heterogeneity of HIV Epidemics in African Cities (2001a). Why do young women have a much higher prevalence of HIV than young men? A study in Kisumu, Kenya and Ndola, Zambia. AIDS 15(Supplement 4): 51-60.
Glynn, J.R., Pönnighaus, J., Crampin, A.C., Sibande, F., Sichali, L., Nkhosa, P., Broadbent, P., and Fine, P.E.M. (2001b). The development of the HIV epidemic in Karonga District, Malawi. AIDS 15(15): 2025–2029.
Handcock, M.S. and Jones, J.H. (2004). Likelihood-based inference for stochastic models of sexual network formation. Theoretical Population Biology 65(4): 413-422.
Heesterbeek, J.A.P. (2002). A brief history of r0 and a recipe for its calculation. Acta Biotheoretica 50(3): 189-204.
Helleringer, S. and Kohler, H.-P. (2008). Cross-sectional research design and relatively low HIV incidence, rather than blood exposures, explain the peripheral location of HIV cases within the sexual networks observed on Likoma. AIDS 22(11): 1378-1379.
Helleringer, S. and Kohler, H.-P. (2007). Sexual Network Structure and the Spread of HIV in Africa: Evidence from Likoma Island, Malawi. AIDS 21(17): 2323-2332.
Helleringer, S., Kohler, H.-P., and Chimbiri, A. (2007). Characteristics of external/bridge relationships by partner type and location where sexual relationship took place. AIDS 21(18): 2560-2561.
Helleringer, S., Kohler, H.-P., and Kalilani-Phiri, L. (2009a). The association of HIV serodiscordance and partnership concurrency in Likoma Island (Malawi). AIDS 22(11): 1378-1379.
Helleringer, S., Kohler, H.-P., and Mkandawire, J. (2009b). Increasing Uptake of HIV Testing and Counseling Among the Poorest in Sub-Saharan Countries Through Home-based Service Provision. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 51(2): 185-193.
Heuveline, P. (2003). HIV and Population Dynamics: A General Model and Maximum-Likelihood Standards for East Africa. Demography 40(2): 217-245.
Hudson, C.P. (1996). AIDS in rural Africa: A paradigm for HIV-1 prevention. International Journal of STD & AIDS 7(4): 236-243.
Jones, J.H. and Handcock, M.S. (2003a). An assessment of preferential attachment as a mechanism for human sexual network formation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 270(1520): 1123-1128.
Jones, J.H. and Handcock, M.S. (2003b). Sexual contacts and epidemic thresholds. Nature 423(6940): 605-606.
Jones, J.H., Helleringer, S., and Kohler, H.-P. (2007). Statistical Models for Sexual Networks on Likoma Island, Malawi: Implications for Sexual Behavior and HIV Control. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, New York, NY, March 29-31, 2007.
Klovdahl, A.S. (1989). Urban Social Network: Some Methodological Problems and Possibilities. In: Kochen, M. (ed.). The small world. Norwood: Ablex Publishing: 176-210.
Klovdahl, A.S., Potterat, J.J., Woodhouse, D.E., Muth, J.B., Muth, S.Q., and Darrow, W.W. (1994). Social networks and infectious disease: The Colorado Springs Study. Social Science and Medicine 38(1): 79-88.
Koehly, L., Goodreau, S., and Morris, M. (2004). Exponential Family models for census and sampled network data. Sociological Methodology 34(1): 241-270.
Kossinets, G. (2006). Effects of missing data in social networks. Social Networks 28(3): 247-268.
Koumans, E.H., Farley, T.A., Gibson, J.J., Langley, C., Ross, M.W., McFarlane, M., Braxton, J., and St Louis, M.E. (2001). Characteristics of persons with syphilis in areas of persisting syphilis in the United States: Sustained transmission associated with concurrent partnerships. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 28(9): 497-503.
Krackhardt, D. (1987). Cognitive social structures. Social Networks 9(2): 109-134.
Kretzschmar, M. and Morris, M. (1996). Measures of concurrency in networks and the spread of infectious disease. Mathematical Biosciences 133(2): 165-195.
Lagarde, E., Schim van der Loeff, M., Enel, C., Holmgren, B., Dray-Spira, R., Pison, G., Piau, J.P., Delaunay, V., M'Boup, S., Ndoye, I., Coeuret-Pellicer, M., Whittle, H., and Aaby, P. (2003). Mobility and the spread of human immunodeficiency virus into rural areas of West Africa. International Journal of Epidemiology 32(5): 744-752.
Laumann, E., Marsden, P., and Prensky, D. (1983). The boundary specification problem in network analysis. In: Burt, R.S. and Minor, M.J. (eds.). Applied Network Analysis: A Methodological Introduction. London: Sage Publications: 18-34.
Liljeros, F., Edling, C.R., Amaral, L.A.N., Stanley, H.E., and Aberg, Y. (2001). The web of human sexual contacts. Nature 411(6840): 907-908.
Lurie, M.N., Williams, B.G., Zuma, K., Mkaya-Mwamburi, D., Garnett, G.P., Sweat, M.D., Gittelsohn, J., and Karim, S.S. (2003). Who infects whom? HIV-1 concordance and discordance among migrant and non-migrant couples in South Africa. AIDS 17(15): 2245-2252.
Magruder, J. (2008). Marital Shopping and Epidemic AIDS. Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California at Berkeley (unpublished manuscript).
Moody, J., Morris, M., Adams, J., and Handcock, M. (2003). Epidemic Potential in Human Sexual Networks: Connectivity and the Development of STD Cores. Department of Sociology, Duke University (unpublished working paper).
Morris, M. (2004). Overview of Network Survey Designs. In: Morris, M. (ed.). Network Epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Morris, M. (1997). Sexual Networks and HIV. AIDS 11(Supplement A): 209-216.
Morris, M. and Kretzschmar, M. (1997). Concurrent Partnerships and the spread of HIV. AIDS 11(5): 641-648.
Newman, M.E.J. (2002). Spread of epidemic disease on networks. Physical Review E 66(1): 016128-016139.
Nnko, S., Boerma, J.T., Urassa, M., Mwaluko, G., and Zaba, B. (2004). Secretive females or swaggering males? An assessment of the quality of sexual partnership reporting in rural Tanzania. Social Science and Medicine 59(2): 299-310.
Padgett, J.F. and Ansell, C.K. (1993). Robust action and the rise of the Medici, 1400-1434. American Journal of Sociology 98(6): 1259-1319.
Potterat, J.J., Phillips-Plummer, L., Muth, S.Q., Rothenberg, R.B., Woodhouse, D.E., Maldonado-Long, T.S., Zimmerman, H.P., and Muth, J.B. (2002). Risk network structure in the early epidemic phase of HIV transmission in Colorado Springs. Sexually Transmitted Infections 78(Supplement 1): 159-163.
Potterat, J.J., Woodhouse, D.E., Muth, S.Q., Rothenberg, R., Darrow, W.W., Klovdahl, A.S., and Muth, J.B. (2004). Network dynamism: History and lessons of the Colorado Springs study. In: Morris, M. (ed.). Network Epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Potterat, J.J., Zimmerman-Rogers, H., Muth, S.Q., Rothenberg, R.B., Green, D.L., Taylor, J.E., Bonney, M.S., and White, H.A. (1999). Chlamydia transmission: Concurrency, reproduction number, and the epidemic trajectory. American Journal of Epidemiology 150(12): 1331-1339.
Rothenberg, R.B., Sterk, C., Toomey, K.E., Potterat, J.J., Johnson, D., Schrader, M., and Hatch, S. (1998). Using social network and ethnographic tools to evaluate syphilis transmission. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 25(3): 154-160.
Salganik, M. and Heckathorn, D. (2004). Sampling and estimation in hidden populations using respondent-driven sampling. Sociological Methodology 34(1): 193-240.
Sampson, S.F. (1969). A novitiate during a period of change: An experimental and case study of relationships. [Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation]. Cornell University.
Van Den Bulte, C. and Lilien, G. (2001). Medical innovation revisited: Social contagion versus marketing effort. American Journal of Sociology 106(5): 1409-1435.
Wasserman, S. and Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Watkins, S.C. (2004). Navigating the AIDS Epidemic in Rural Malawi. Population and Development Review 30(4): 673-705.
Watts, D.J. (1999). Small Worlds: The Dynamics of Networks Between Order and Randomness. Princeton Studies in Complexity.
Watts, D.J. and Strogatz, S.H. (1998). Collective dynamics of `small-world' networks. Nature 393: 440-443.
Wawer, M.J., Gray, R.H., Sewankambo, N.K., Serwadda, D., Li, X., Laeyendecker, O., Kiwanuka, N., Kigozi, G., Kiddugavu, M., and Lutalo, T. (2005). Rates of HIV-1 transmission per coital act, by stage of HIV-1 infection, in Rakai, Uganda. Journal of Infectious Diseases 191(9): 1403-1409.
White, K. and Watkins, S.C. (2000). Accuracy, Stability and Reciprocity in Informal Conversational Networks in Rural Kenya. Social Networks 22(4): 337-355.
Whittaker, R. (1999). Island Biogeography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
World Health Organization (2002). HIV Assays: Operational Characteristics. Report 12: Simple/Rapid Tests, Whole Blood Specimens. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
Wylie, J.L., Cabral, T., and Jolly, A.M. (2005). Identification of networks of sexually transmitted infection: A molecular, geographic, and social network analysis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 191(6): 899-906.