Volume 15 - Article 1 | Pages 1–20  

A simulation-based assessment of the bias produced when using averages from small DHS clusters as contextual variables in multilevel models

By Øystein Kravdal

References

Angeles, G., Guilkey, D.K., and Mroz, T.A. (1998). Purposive program placement and the estimation of family planning program effects in Tanzania. Journal of the American Statistical Association 93(443): 884-899.

Weblink:
Download reference:

DeRose, L.F. and Kravdal, Ø. (2006). Educational reversals and first-birth timing in sub-Saharan Africa: A dynamic multilevel perspective. Demography 44(1): 59-77.

Download reference:

Goldstein, H. (1995). Multilevel Statistical Models. London: Arnold (Second Edition).

Download reference:

Greene, W.H. (2003). Econometric analysis, 5th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Download reference:

Kravdal, Ø. (2002). Education and fertility in sub-Saharan Africa: Individual and community effects. Demography 39(2): 233-250.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Macro International Inc. (1996). Sampling manual. Calverton, Maryland (DHS-III Basic Documentation No. 6).

Download reference:

Montgomery, M.R. and Casterline, J.B. (1996). Social learning, social influence, and new models of fertility. Population and Development Review 22(suppl): 151-175.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Montgomery, M.R. and Hewett, P.C. (2005). Urban poverty and health in developing countries: Household and neighborhood effects. Demography 42(3): 397-425.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Sampson, R.J., Raudenbush, S.W., and Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science 277(5328): 918-924.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Back to the article