Volume 14 - Article 15 | Pages 331–380
Education and childlessness: The relationship between educational field, educational level, and childlessness among Swedish women born in 1955-59
By Jan M. Hoem, Gerda Neyer, Gunnar Andersson
References
Ahola, S. (1999). The matching of educational and occupational structures in Finland and Sweden. Thessaloniki: CEDEFOP (European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training), Final Report.
Allmendinger, J. (1989). Career mobility dynamics. A comparative analysis of the United States, Norway, and West Germany. Berlin: Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung (Studien und Berichte 49).
Andersson, G. (2000). The impact of labor-force participation on childbearing behavior: Pro-cyclical fertility in Sweden during the 1980s and the 1990s. European Journal of Population 16(4): 293-333.
Andersson, G., Noack, T., Seierstad, A., and Weedon-Fekjær, H. (2004). The demographics of same-sex marriages in Norway and Sweden. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (MPIDR Working Paper, WP 2004-018).
Anker, R. (2001). Theories of occupational segregation by sex: An overview. In: Loufti, M.F. (ed.). Women, gender and work. What is equality and how do we get there?. Geneva: International Labour Office: 129-155 (first published in: International Labour Review 136 (3), 1997).
Becker, G.S. (1981). A Treatise on the family. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Becker, G.S. (1960). An economic analysis of fertility. In: National Bureau of Economic Research (ed.). Demographic and economic change in developed countries. A conference of the universities-national bureau committee for economic research. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 209-240.
Benner, M. and Bundgaard Vad, T. (2000). Sweden and Denmark. Defending the welfare state. In: Scharpf, F.W. and Schmidt, V.A. (eds.). Welfare and work in the open economy. Volume II. Diverse responses to common challenges. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 399-466.
Bernardi, L. (2003). Channels of social influence on reproduction. Population Research and Policy Review 22(85): 527-555.
Blossfeld, H.-P. and Huinink, J. (1991). Human capital investment or norms of role transition? How women’s schooling and career affect the process of family formation. American Journal of Sociology 97(1): 143-168.
Blossfeld, H.-P. and Jaenichen, U. (1992a). Bildungsexpansion und Familienbildung. In: Diekmann, A. and Weick, S. (eds.). Der Familienzyklus als sozialer Prozeß. Bevölkerungssoziologische Untersuchungen mit den Methoden der Ereignisanalyse. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot: 165-193.
Blossfeld, H.-P. and Jaenichen, U. (1992b). Educational expansion and changes in women’s entry into marriage and motherhood in the Federal Republic of Germany. Journal of Marriage and the Family 54(2): 302-315.
Blossfeld, H.-P. and Timm, A. (2003b). Educational systems as marriage markets in modern societies. A conceptual framework. In: Blossfeld, H.-P. and Timm, A. (eds.). Who marries whom? Educational systems as marriage markets in modern societies. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 1-18 (European Studies of Population, Vol. 12).
Blossfeld, H.-P. and Timm, A. (eds.) (2003a). Who marries whom? Educational systems as marriage markets in modern societies. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers (European Studies of Population, Vol. 12).
Boucher, L. (1982). Tradition and change in Swedish education. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Bradley, K. (2000). The incorporation of women into higher education: Paradoxical outcomes? Sociology of Education 73(1): 1-18.
Breen, R. and Jonsson, J.O. (2000). Analyzing educational careers: A multinominal transition model. American Sociological Review 65(5): 754-772.
Bressler, M. and Kephart, W.M. (1954). Marriage and family patterns of an academic group. Marriage and Family Living 16(2): 121-127.
Bron-Wojciechowska, A. (1995). Education and gender in Sweden. Is there equality? Women’s Studies International Forum 18(1): 51-60.
Budig, M.J. and England, P. (2001). The wage penalty of motherhood. American Sociological Review 66(2): 204-255.
Charles, M. (2003). Deciphering sex segregation. Vertical and horizontal inequalities in ten national labor markets. Acta Sociologica 46(4): 267-287.
Charles, M. (2005). National skill regimes, postindustrialism, and sex segregation. Social Politics 12(2): 289-316.
Charles, M. and Bradley, K. (2002). Equal but separate? A cross-national study of sex segregation in higher education. American Sociological Review 67(4): 573-599.
Cigno, A. (1991). Economics of the family. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Cookingham, M.E. (1984). Bluestockings, spinsters and pedagogues: Women college graduates, 1985-1910. Population Studies 38(3): 349-364.
Cooney, T.M. and Uhlenberg, P. (1989). Family-building patterns of professional women: A comparison of lawyers, physicians, and postsecondary teachers. Journal of Marriage and the Family 51(3): 739-758.
Council of Europe (1999). Recent demographic developments in Europe. Strassbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.
Dausien, B. (1999). Geschlechtsspezifische Sozialisation - Konstruktiv(istisch)e Ideen zur Karriere und Kritik eines Konzepts. In: Dausien, B., Herrmann, M., Oechsle, M., Schmerl, C., and Stein-Hilbers, M. (eds.). Erkenntnisobjekt Geschlecht. Feministische Perspektiven verwandeln Wissenschaft. Opladen: Leske & Budrich: 216-246.
DeGraff, D.S. and Anker, R. (1999). Gender, labour markets and women’s work. Liège: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population.
Dorbritz, J. (2003). Polarisierung versus Vielfalt. Lebensformen und Kinderlosigkeit in Deutschland - eine Auswertung des Mikrozensus. Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 28(2-4): 403-421.
Drew, E. and Emerek, R. (1998). Employment, flexibility and gender. In: Drew, E., Emerek, R., and Mahon, E. (eds.). Women, work and the family in Europe. London: Routledge: 89-99.
Dryler, H. (1998). Parental role models, gender and educational choice. The British Journal of Sociology 49(3): 375-398.
Dryler, H. (1999). The impact of school and classroom characteristics on educational choices by boys and girls. Acta Sociologica 42: 299-318.
Elgqvist-Saltzman, I. (1988). Educational reforms - women’s life patterns: A Swedish case study. Higher Education 17(5): 491-504.
Elster, J. (1991). Rationality and social norms. Archive Européenne de Sociologie 32: 109-129.
England, P. (1982). The failure of human capital theory to explain occupational sex segregation. The Journal of Human Resources 17(3): 358-370.
England, P. (1984). Wage appreciation and depreciation. A test of neoclassical economic explanations of occupational sex segregation. Social Forces 62(3): 726-749.
England, P., Farkas, G., Kilbourne, B.S., and Dou, T. (1988). Explaining occupational sex segregation and wages: Findings from a model with fixed effects. American Sociological Review 53(4): 544-558.
Erikson, R. and Jonsson, J.O. (1996). Can education be equalized? The Swedish case in comparative perspective. Boulder, Co: Westview Press.
Erikson, R. and Jonsson, J.O. (2003). Qualifications and allocation process of young men and women in the Swedish labour market. In: Shavit, Y. and Müller, W. (eds.). From school to work. A comparative study of educational qualifications and occupational destinations. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 369-406.
Estévez-Abe, M. (2005). Gender bias in skills and social policies: The varieties of capitalism perspective on sex segregation. Social Politics 12(2): 180-215.
Estévez-Abe, M., Iversen, T., and Soskice, D. (2001). Social protection and the formation of skills: A reinterpretation of the welfare state. In: Hall, P.A. and Soskice, D. (eds.). Varieties of capitalism. The institutional foundations of comparative advantage. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 145-183.
Gangl, M. (2003a). Returns to education in context: individual education and transition outcomes in European labor markets. In: Müller, W. and Gangl, M. (eds.). Transitions from education to work in Europe. The integration of youth into EU labour markets. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 156-185.
Gangl, M. (2003b). The only way up? Employment protection and job mobility among recent entrants to European labour markets. In: Kogan, I. and Müller, W. (eds.). School-to-work transitions in Europe: Analyses of the EU LFS 2000 ad hoc module. Mannheim: Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung: 121-150.
Gildemeister, R. and Wetterer, A. (1992). Wie Geschlechter gemacht werden. Die soziale Konstruktion der Zweigeschlechtlichkeit und ihrer Reifizierung in der Frauenforschung. In: Knapp, G.-A. and Wetterer, A. (eds.). Traditionen Brüche. Entwicklungen feministischer Theorie. Forum Frauenforschung, Band 6. Freiburg: Kore Verlag: 201-254.
Gjerberg, E. (2002). Gender similarities in doctor’s preferences - and gender differences in final specialisation. Social Science & Medicine 54(4): 591-605.
Goldman, N. (2001). Mortality differentials: selection and causation. In: Smelser, N.J. and Baltes, P.B. (eds.). International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences 15. : 10068-10070.
Grünheid, E. (2004). Junge Frauen in Deutschland: bei hoher Ausbildung kinderlos? Psychosozial 95(1): 35-46.
Gustafsson, S. (2001). Optimal age at motherhood. Theoretical and empirical considerations on postponement of maternity in Europe. Journal of Population Economics 14(2): 225-247.
Hajnal, J. (1965). European marriage patterns in perspective. In: Glass, D.V. (ed.). Population in history: essays in historical demography. London: Edward Arnold: 101-143.
Hakim, C. (1998). Developing a sociology for the twenty-first century: Preference theory. British Journal of Sociology 49(1): 137-143.
Hakim, C. (2003). Public morality versus personal choice: the failure of social attitude surveys. British Journal of Sociolgy 54(3): 339-345.
Hakim, C. (2000). Work-lifestyle choices in the 21st Century. Preference theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Henz, U. (2001). Family formation and participation in higher education: crosscutting life events? In: Jonsson, J.O. and Mills, C. (eds.). Cradle to grave. Life-course change in modern Sweden. Durham: Sociologypress: 45-69.
Henz, U. and Jonsson, J.O. (2003). Who marries whom in Sweden? In: Blossfeld, H.-P. and Timm, A. (eds.). Who marries whom? Educational systems as marriage markets in modern societies. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 235-266 (European Studies of Population, Vol. 12).
Hobcraft, J. and Kiernan, K. (1995). Becoming a parent in Europe. London: Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines (Welfare State Program Discussion Paper Series No. 116).
Hoem, B. (2000). Entry into motherhood in Sweden: the influence of economic factors on the rise and fall in fertility, 1986-1997. Demographic Research 2(4).
Hoem, B. (1994). Lärare föder färre barn. Välfärdsbulletinen 33: 17-19.
Hoem, B. and Hoem, J.M. (1995). Education and ultimate fertility: patterns for Swedish women born in the 1940s. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Internal Report.
Hoem, J.M. (1997). Educational gradients in divorce risks in Sweden in recent decades. Population Studies 51(1): 19-27.
Hoem, J.M., Neyer, G.R., and Andersson, G. (2006). Education attainment and ultimate fertility among Swedish women born in 1955-59. Demographic Research 14.
Huinink, J. (2002). Polarisierung der Familienentwicklung in europäischen Ländern im Vergleich. In: Schneider, N.F. and Matthias-Beck, H. (eds.). Elternschaft heute. Gesellschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen und individuelle Gestaltungsaufgaben. Opladen: Leske & Budrich: 49-73.
Hultin, M. (2003). Some take the glass elevator, some hit the glass ceiling? Work and Occupation 30(1): 30-61.
Jacobs, J.A. (1996). Gender inequality and higher education. Annual Review of Sociology 22(1): 153-185.
Jensen, R. (1973). Family, career, and reform. In: Gordon, M. (ed.). The American family in social-historical perspective. New York: St. Martin’s Press: 267-280.
Jönsson, I. (1999). Women and education in Europe. International Journal of Contemporary Sociology 36(2): 144-162.
Jonsson, J.O. (1987). Class origin, cultural origin, and educational attainment: The case of Sweden. European Sociological Review 3(3): 229-242.
Jonsson, J.O. (1999). Explaining gender differences in educational choice: An empirical assessment of a rational choice model. European Sociological Review 15: 391-404.
Jonsson, J.O. (2001). Towards a post-Fordist life-course regime? Generational changes in transitions and volatility. In: Jonsson, J.O. and Mills, C. (eds.). Cradle to grave. Life-course change in modern Sweden. Durham: Sociologypress: 1-28.
Jonsson, J.O. and Mills, C. (eds.) (2001). Cradle to grave. Life-course change in modern Sweden. Durham: Sociologypress.
Jonsson, J.O. and Mills, C. (1993). Social class and educational attainment in historical perspective: A Swedish-English comparison. Part 1. The British Journal of Sociology 44(2): 213-247.
Jonsson, J.O. and Mills, C. (1993). Social class and educational attainment in historical perspective: A Swedish-English comparison. Part 2. The British Journal of Sociology 44(3): 403-428.
Kanter, R.M. (1977a). Men and women of the cooperation. New York: Basic Books.
Kanter, R.M. (1977b). Some effects of proportions of group life: Skewed sex ratio and responses to token women. The American Journal of Sociology 82(5): 965-990.
Kiernan, K. (1989). Who remains childless? Journal of Biosocial Science 21(4): 387-398.
Kogan, I. and Müller, W. (eds.) (2003). School-to-work transitions in Europe: analyses of the EU LFS 2000 ad hoc module. Mannheim: Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung.
Konietzka, D. (2002). Die soziale Differenzierung der Übergangsmuster in den Beruf. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 54(4): 645-673.
Korpi, T., de Graaf, P., Hendrickx, J., and Layte, R. (2003). Vocational training and career employment. Precariousness in Great Britain, the Netherlands and Sweden. Acta Sociologica 46(1): 17-30.
Kravdal, Ø. (2004). An illustration of the problems caused by incomplete education histories in fertility analyses. In: Andersson, G. and Neyer, G. (eds.). Contemporary research on European fertility: Perspectives and developments. (Demographic Research, Special Collection 3(6)).
Kravdal, Ø. (2001). The high fertility of college educated women in Norway. An artifact of the separate modeling of each parity transition. Demographic Research 5(6).
Lappegård, T. (2002). Education attainment and fertility pattern among Norwegian women. Statistics Norway (Documents 2000/18).
Lappegård, T. (2001). Valg av utdanning - valg av livsløp? Utdanning og ulikhet i kvinners fruktbarhetsatferd. Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning 2001(3): 409-435.
Lappegård, T. and Rønsen, M. (2005). The multifaceted impact of education on entry into motherhood. European Journal of Population 21(1): 31-49.
Lestaeghe, R. (1983). A century of demographic and cultural change in Western Europe: An exploration of underlying dimensions. Population and Development Review 9(3): 411-435.
Marburger Forschungsstelle für Vergleichende Erziehungswissenschaften (1977). Kommentierte Bildungsstatistik: Schweden. Marburg.
Marini, M.M. (1984). Women’s educational attainment and the timing of entry into parenthood. American Sociological Review 49(4): 491-511.
Marklund, S. (1981). Education in a post-comprehensive era. British Journal of Educational Studies 29(3): 199-208.
Marklund, S. (1980). New stages in education: A Swedish viewpoint. Comparative Education 16(3): 267-274.
Marklund, S. and Bergendal, G. (1979). Trends in Swedish educational policy. Uppsala: The Swedish Institute.
Meghir, C. and Palme, M. (1999). Assessing the effect of schooling on earnings using a social experiment. Stockholm School of Economics (Working Paper No. 313).
Melkas, H. and Anker, R. (1998). Gender equality and occupational segregation in Nordic labour markets. Geneva: International Labour Office.
Melkas, H. and Anker, R. (2001). Occupational segregation by sex in Nordic countries: An empirical investigation. In: Loufti, M.F. (ed.). Women, gender and work. What is equality and how do we get there?. Geneva: International Labour Office: 189-213 (first published in International Labour Review 136 (3), 1997).
Mincer, J. and Ofek, H. (1982). Interrupted work careers: Depreciation and restoration of human capital. Journal of Human Resources 17(1): 3-24.
Mincer, J. and Polachek, S. (1974). Family investments in human capital. Journal of Labour Economics 82(2): 76-108.
Ministry of Education and Science and the National Agency of Education (2001). The development of education. Stockholm, National report of Sweden.
Müller, W. and Gangl, M. (eds.) (2003). Transitions from education to work in Europe. The integration of youth into EU labour markets. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Müller, W. and Wolbers, M.H.J. (2003). Educational attainment in the European Union: Recent trends in qualification patterns. In: Müller, W. and Gangl, M. (eds.). Transitions from education to work in Europe. The integration of youth into EU labour markets. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 23-62.
Neave, G. (1980). The changing balance of power: Recent developments in provision for the 16-19 years age range in Europe. Comparative Education 16(2): 93-105.
Nermo, M. (1996). Occupational sex segregation in Sweden, 1968-1991. Work and Occupations 23(3): 319-332.
Odelholm, H. (1998). UREG. Statistics Sweden document Dokureg.doc (dated 1998-91-09).
OECD (2001). Education at a glance. Paris.
OECD (1998). Employment outlook. Paris.
Oppenheimer, V.K. (1994). Women’s rising employment and the future of the family in industrial societies. Population and Development Review 20(2): 293-342.
Preston, A.E. (1994). Why have all the women gone? A study of exit of women from the science and engineering professions. The American Economic Review 84(5): 1446-1462.
Rindfuss, R.R., Bumpass, L., and St. John, C. (1980). Education and fertility: Implications for the roles women occupy. American Sociological Review 45(3): 431-447.
Rindfuss, R.R. and Bumpass, L.L. (1976). How old is too old? Age and the sociology of fertility. Family Planning Perspectives 8(5): 226-230.
Rindfuss, R.R., Guzzo, K.B., and Morgan, S.P. (2003). The changing institutional context of low fertility. Population Research and Policy Review 22(5-6): 411-438.
Rindfuss, R.R., Morgan, S.P., and Offutt, K. (1996). Education and the changing age pattern of American fertility: 1963-1989. Demography 33(3): 277-290.