Volume 27 - Article 9 | Pages 233–260  

The contribution of smoking to regional mortality differences in the Netherlands

By Fanny Janssen, Alette Spriensma

Abstract

Background: Smoking is an important preventable determinant of morbidity and mortality. Knowledge about its role in regional mortality differences can help us to identify relevant policy areas, and to explain national mortality differences.

Objective: We explored the extent to which the regional differences in all-cause mortality in the Netherlands could be due to smoking, by examining its link with regional differences in smoking-attributable mortality.

Methods: All-cause mortality, lung cancer mortality, and population numbers were obtained from Statistics Netherlands for the period 2004-2008, by 40 NUTS-3 regions, age, and sex. Smoking-attributable mortality was estimated using an adapted indirect Peto-Lopez method. We mapped regional differences in age-standardised all-cause mortality, smoking-attributable mortality fractions, and smoking- and non-smoking-related mortality rates. We assessed spatial clustering, calculated correlations, and compared and decomposed regional variance.

Results: Significant regional differences in all-cause mortality, exhibiting a random pattern, were found. Smoking-attributable mortality fractions, which ranged from 22% to 30% among males and 7% to 14% among females, correlated significantly with all-cause mortality, especially among males. Smoking-attributable mortality varied far more than all-cause mortality, while non-smoking-attributable mortality varied less than all-cause mortality. The variance in smoking-attributable mortality contributed 39% to the regional variance in all-cause mortality among males, and 30% among females.

Conclusions: Smoking-attributable mortality thus clearly contributed to the regional differences in all-cause mortality, especially among males. This finding can be linked to past regional differences in smoking behaviour and underlying regional differences in socio-economic variables.

Author's Affiliation

• Fanny Janssen - Nederlands Interdisciplinair Demografisch Instituut (NIDI), the Netherlands EMAIL
• Alette Spriensma - VU Medisch Centrum, the Netherlands EMAIL

Other articles by the same author/authors in Demographic Research

Sigma and beta convergence in regional mortality: A case study of the Netherlands
Volume 35 - Article 4

Impact of different mortality forecasting methods and explicit assumptions on projected future life expectancy: The case of the Netherlands
Volume 29 - Article 13

Distortion of regional old-age mortality due to late-life migration in the Netherlands?
Volume 29 - Article 5

Most recent similar articles in Demographic Research

Higher incomes are increasingly associated with higher fertility: Evidence from the Netherlands, 2008–2022
Volume 51 - Article 26    | Keywords: fertility, income, inequalities, Netherlands, parenthood

Socio-behavioral factors contributing to recent mortality trends in the United States
Volume 51 - Article 7    | Keywords: despair, health, mortality, National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), smoking, trends

Religious affiliation and child mortality in Ireland: A country-wide analysis based on the 1911 Census
Volume 50 - Article 14    | Keywords: child mortality, indirect estimation methods, Ireland, literacy, OLS regressions, place of residence, religious affiliation, socioeconomic status

Ageing and diversity: Inequalities in longevity and health in low-mortality countries
Volume 50 - Article 12    | Keywords: aging, health, lifespan inequality, longevity, old-age threshold, regional differences, socioeconomic status

Early life exposure to cigarette smoking and adult and old-age male mortality: Evidence from linked US full-count census and mortality data
Volume 49 - Article 25    | Keywords: linked census and mortality data, linked census data, smoking, United States of America